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1924

1924

1924 (MCMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar).

Events

January


- January 7 - Great fire in London harbour
- January 8 - Heavy blizzards in England
- January 10 - British submarine L-34 sinks in the English Channel - 43 dead.
- January 12 - Gopinath Saha shoots a man he erroneously thinks is a Police commissioner of Calcutta, Charles Augustus Tegart - he is arrested soon after
- January 21 - Vladimir Lenin dies and Joseph Stalin begins to purge his rivals to clear way for his leadership.
- January 22 - Ramsay MacDonald becomes the first Labour Prime Minister.
- January 23 - Soviet Union officially declares that Lenin died January 21.
- January 25 - The 1924 Winter Olympics open in Chamonix, France (in the French Alps), inaugurating the Winter Olympic Games.
- January 26 - Petrograd (St. Petersburg) is renamed Leningrad.
- January 27 - Lenin is buried in a mausoleum in the Red Square.

February


- February 1 - The United Kingdom recognizes Soviet Union.
- February 1 - Australian Loans Council meets for the first time
- February 4 - Mohandas Gandhi is released prematurely on medical grounds.
- February 5 - GMT: Hourly time signals from Royal Greenwich Observatory are broadcasted for the first time.
- February 8 - Death penalty: The first state execution using gas in the United States takes place in Nevada.
- February 14 - IBM corporation founded.
- February 16-February 26 - Dock strike in US harbors.
- February 22 - Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to deliver a radio broadcast from the White House.

March


- March 1 - Diana Vreeland, fashion editor and columnist, marries Thomas Reed Vreeland at St. Thomas's church in New York.
- March 3 - The 1400-year-old Islamic caliphate is abolished when Caliph Abdul Mejid II of the Ottoman Empire is deposed. The last remnant of the old regime gives way to the reformed Turkey of President Kemal Atatürk.
- March 9 - Italy annexes Fiume
- March 25 - Greece proclaims it is a republic.
- March 29 - Government of Raymond Poincaré starts in France.

April


- April 1 - Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years in jail for his participation in the Beer Hall Putsch. However he was only in jail for nine months.
- April 1 - First revenue flight for Belgium's SABENA Airlines.
- April 6 - Fascists win elections in Italy with 2/3 majority.
- April 13 - Referendum in Greece favors the formation of Hellenic Republic.
- April 26 - Harry Grindell Matthews demonstrates his "death ray" in London but fails to convince British War Office
- April 27 - Group of Alawites kill some Christian nuns in Syria – French troops march against them.

May


- May 3 - The Aleph Zadik Aleph, the oldest Jewish youth fraternity, founded.
- May 4 - The 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremonies held in Paris, France.
- May 10 - J. Edgar Hoover is appointed head the Bureau of Investigation.
- May 21 - University of Chicago students Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold, Jr. murder 14-year-old Bobby Franks in a thrill killing.

June


- June 1 - Harry Grindell Matthews returns from Paris to London - he tries to use a Pathe film to demonstrate that his death ray works
- June 2 - U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs the Indian Citizenship Act into law, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States.
- June 5 - Ernst Alexanderson sends the first facsimile across the Atlantic Ocean (to his father in Sweden).
- June 8 - George Mallory and Andrew Irvine are last seen "going strong for the top" of Mount Everest by teammate Noel Odell at 12:50 PM. The two mountaineers were never seen alive again.
- June 10 - Fascists kidnap and kill Italian socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti in Rome.
- June 12 - the Roundout Heist - Six men of Egan's Rats gang rob a mail train in Roundout, Illinois. Robbery is later found to have been an inside job
- June 16 - Whampoa Military Academy is founded.
- June 23 - American airman Russell L. Maughan flew from New York to San Francisco in 21 hours and 48 minutes on a dawn-to-dusk flight in a Curtiss pursuit plane.

August-October


- August 18 - France begins to withdraw its troops from Germany.
- September 9 - Hanapepe Massacre occurs on Kauai, Hawaii
- September 9 - 8-hour work day in Belgium
- October 2 - The Geneva Protocol is adopted as a means to strengthen the League of Nations.
- October 19 - Abdul Azis declares himself protector of holy places in Mecca.
- October 22 - Toastmasters is founded.
- October 24 - British Foreign Office publishes Zinoviev Letter.
- October 25 - British authorities in India arrest Subhas Chandra Bose and jail him for the next two and half years

November


- November 4 - Fermin Romo of Wyoming elected as the first woman governor in the United States.
- November 4 - Calvin Coolidge defeats John W. Davis in the U.S. presidential election
- November 19 - In Los Angeles, California, famous silent film director Thomas Ince ("The Father of the Western") dies, reportedly of a heart attack, in his bed (rumors soon surface that he was shot dead by publishing tycoon William Randolph Hearst).
- November 27 - In the New York City the first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is held.

December


- December 12 - Failed communist takeover attempt in Estonia
- December 24 - Air crash in Croydon air field - 8 dead.
- December 24 - Albania becomes a republic.
- December 30 - Edwin Hubble announces the existence of other galaxies.

Unknown date


- Andre Breton founds surrealism, defining it as "pure psychic automatism"
- Voting in federal elections becomes compulsory in Australia
- US bootleggers begin to use Thompson SMGs
- Fritz Haarmann sentenced to death for 27 murders

Births

January-February


- January 2 - Sabine Baring-Gould, English composer and novelist (b. 1834)
- January 3 - Hank Stram, American football coach and broadcaster
- January 6 - Earl Scruggs, American musician
- January 11 - Roger Guillemin, French neuroendocrinologist, recpient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- January 11 - Sam B. Hall, American politician (d. 1994)
- January 11 - Slim Harpo, American musician (d. 1970)
- January 12 - Olivier Gendebien, Belgian race car driver (d. 1998)
- January 16 - Katy Jurado, Mexican actress (d. 2002)
- January 19 - Jean-Francois Revel, French author
- January 21 - Telly Savalas, American actor (d. 1994)
- January 26 - Annette Strauss, American philanthropist and mayor of Dallas, Texas (d. 1998)
- January 27 - Sabu, Indian actor (d. 1963)
- January 29 - Luigi Nono, Italian composer (d. 1990)
- January 30 - Lloyd Alexander, American writer
- February 2 - Elfi von Dassanowsky, Austrian-born producer and musician
- February 17 - Margaret Truman, American novelist
- February 19 - Lee Marvin, American actor (d. 1987)
- February 20 - Gloria Vanderbilt, American cosmetics entrepreneur
- February 21 - Robert Mugabe, first Prime Minister of Zimbabwe
- February 23 - Allan McLeod Cormack, South-African physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1998)
- February 29 - Al Rosen, baseball player

March-May


- March 1 - Deke Slayton, astronaut (d. 1993)
- March 7 - Kobo Abe, Japanese novelist (d. 1993)
- March 15 - Walter Gotell, German actor (d. 1997)
- March 27 - Sarah Vaughan, American jaz singer (d. 1990)
- March 28 - Freddie Bartholomew, British actor (d. 1992)
- March 30 - Alan Davidson, British author (d. 2003)
- April 1 - Brendan Byrne, Governor of New Jersey
- April 3 - Marlon Brando, American actor (d. 2004)
- April 3 - Doris Day, American actress
- April 4 - Gil Hodges, American baseball player (d. 1972)
- April 7 - Johannes Mario Simmel, Austrian writer
- April 15 - Sir Neville Marriner, English conductor and violinist
- April 24 - Clement Freud, British writer, radio personality, and politician
- April 25 - Albert King, American musician (d. 1992)
- May 11 - Antony Hewish, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
- May 12 - Tony Hancock, English comedian (d. 1968)
- May 18 - Priscilla Pointer, American actress
- May 19 - Sandy Wilson, British composer
- May 22 - Charles Aznavour, French singer, actor, and songwriter

June-August


- June 1 - Dr. William Sloane Coffin, American clergyman
- June 3 - Torsten Wiesel, Swedish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- June 12 - George Herbert Walker Bush, 41st United States President
- June 18 - George Mikan, basketball player (d. 2005)
- June 20 - Chet Atkins, American country guitar player (d. 2001)
- June 20 - Audie Murphy, American World War II hero and actor (d. 1971)
- June 27 - Bob Appleyard, English cricketer
- June 29 - Flo Sandon's, Italian singer
- June 29 - Ezra Laderman, American composer
- July 4 - Eva Marie Saint, American actress
- July 5 - Janos Starker, Hungarian cellist
- July 13 - Carlo Bergonzi, Italian tenor
- July 14 - James W. Black, Scottish pharmacologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- July 19 - Stanley K. Hathaway, American politician
- August 1 - Georges Charpak, Ukrainian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- August 2 - John Carroll O'Connor, American actor (d. 2001)
- August 3 - Leon Uris, American writer (d. 2003)
- August 12 - Derek Shackleton, English cricketer
- August 12 - Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, leader of Pakistan (d. 1988)
- August 15 - Robert Bolt, English writer (d. 1995)
- August 23 - Robert Solow, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- August 28 - Peggy Ryan, American actress (d. 2004)
- August 29 - Consuelo Velázquez, Mexican songwriter (d. 2005)
- August 31 - Buddy Hackett, American comedian and actor (d. 2003)

September-October


- September 2 - Daniel arap Moi, President of Kenya
- September 4 - Joan Aiken, English writer (d. 2004)
- September 8 - Mimi Parent, Canadian painter (d. 2005)
- September 9 - Rik Van Steenbergen, Belgian cyclist (d. 2003)
- September 11 - Tom Landry, American football player and coach (d. 2000)
- September 19 - Don Harron, Canadian entertainer
- September 22 - Charles Keeping, English illustrator (d. 1988)
- September 22 - Rosamunde Pilcher, English novelist
- October 1 - Jimmy Carter, President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- October 1 - William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 2005)
- October 10 - Ed Wood, American filmmaker (d. 1978)
- October 11 - Mal Whitfield, American athlete
- October 12 - Doris Grau, American actress (d. 1995)
- October 15 - Mark Lenard, American actor (d. 1996)
- October 21 - Celia Cruz, Cuban singer (d. 2003)

November-December


- November 13 - Motoo Kimura, Japanese population geneticist (d. 1994)
- November 19 - William Russell, British actor
- November 20 - Benoit Mandelbrot, Polish-born mathematician
- November 24 - Mel Patton, American athlete
- November 25 - Takaaki Yoshimoto, Japanese poet, critic, and philosopher.
- December 2 - Alexander M. Haig, Jr., American politician
- December 25 - Rod Serling, American television screenwriter (d. 1975)
- December 25 - Atal Behari Vajpayee, tenth Prime Minister of India
- December 25 - Moktar Ould Daddah, first President of Mauritania (d. 2003)
- December 28 - Milton Obote, President of Uganda (d. 2005)
- Tuanku Al-Mutassimu Billahi Muhibbudin Sultan Abdul Halim Al-Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, King of Malaysia
- King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia

Deaths


- January 21 - Vladimir Lenin, first leader of the USSR (b. 1870)
- January 24 - Marie-Adélaïde, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (b. 1894)
- February 3 - Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1856)
- April 21 - Eleonora Duse, Italian actress (b. 1858)
- May 4 - E. Nesbit, English author (b. 1858)
- May 15 - Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, French diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1852)
- May 24 - Victor Herbert, Irish dramatist (b. 1859)
- June 3 - Franz Kafka, Austrian author (b. 1883)
- June 10 - George Mallory, English mountain climber (lost on Mount Everest) (b. 1886)
- June 11 - Théodore Dubois, French composer and teacher (b. 1837)
- July 23 - Frank Frost Abbott, American classical scholar (b. 1860)
- July 27 - Ferruccio Busoni, Italian pianist and composer (b. 1866)
- August 3 - Joseph Conrad, Polish-born author (b. 1857)
- August 17 - Pavel Urysohn, Russian mathematician (b. 1898)
- September 15 - Frank Chance, baseball player and manager (b. 1877)
- October 12 - Anatole France, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1844)
- November 4 - Gabriel Fauré, French composer (b. 1845)
- November 29 - Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer (b. 1858)
- December 7 - Gene Stratton Porter, American author (b. 1863)
- December 29 - Carl Spitteler, Swiss writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1845)
- December 31 - Sir Samuel William Knaggs, British civil servant (b. 1856)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Manne Siegbahn
- Chemistry - Bryan Hymer
- Physiology or Medicine - Willem Einthoven
- Literature - Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont
- Peace - Fermin Romo Category:1924 ko:1924년 ms:1924 ja:1924年 simple:1924 th:พ.ศ. 2467

Leap year starting on Tuesday

This is the calendar for any leap year starting on Tuesday (dominical letter FE), e.g. 2008. Previous year | Next year
Millennium Century Year
2nd Millennium: 19th century: 1828 1856 1884
2nd Millennium: 20th century: 1924 1952 1980
3rd Millennium: 21st century: 2008 2036 2064 2092
3rd Millennium: 22nd century: 2104 2132 2160 2188
Category:TuesdayCategory:Weeksko:화요일로 시작하는 윤년th:ปีอธิกสุรทินที่วันแรกเป็นวันอังคาร

January 7

January 7 is the seventh day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 358 days remaining (359 in leap years). The day is 人日 (Jinjitsu), 七草の節句 in Japan.

Events


- 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal.
- 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental possession of England.
- 1566 - Pius V becomes Pope.
- 1598 - Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia.
- 1601 - Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex leads revolt in London against Queen Elizabeth
- 1608 - Fire destroys Jamestown,Virginia.
- 1610 - Galileo Galilei observes the four largest moons of Jupiter for the first time. He named them and in turn the four are called the Galilean moons.
- 1782 - The first American commercial bank opens (Bank of North America).
- 1785 - FrenchmanJean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover, England to Calais, France in a gas balloon, becoming the first togreen-white-red tricolour as official flag. It is the birthday of the flag of Italy.
- 1835 - HMS Beagle anchors off the Chonos Archipelago.
- 1894 - W.K. Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film.
- 1896 - Fannie Farmer publishes her first cookbook.
- 1901 - Alferd Packer is released from prison after serving 18 years for cannibalism.
- 1904 - The distress signal "CQD" is established only to be replaced two years later by "SOS."
- 1911 - Mary Pickford marries Owen Moore.
- 1922 - Dáil Éireann ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64-57 votes.
- 1924 - George Gershwin completes Rhapsody in Blue.
  - The International Hockey Federation (FIH) is founded in Paris by seven member states: Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Spain, and Switserland.
- 1926 - George Burns marries Gracie Allen.
- 1927 - First international telephone call - New York City to London.
  - The Harlem Globetrotters play their first game.
- 1935 - World War II: Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval sign the Italo-French agreements.
- 1942 - World War II: Siege of the Bataan Peninsula begins.
- 1945 - British General Bernard Montgomery holds a press conference in which he claims credit for victory in the Battle of the Bulge.
- 1950 - A fire at the Mercy Hospital in Davenport, Iowa kills 41 people.
- 1953 - PresidentHarry Truman announces that the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb.
- 1954 - The first public demonstration of a machine translation system was held in New York at the head office of IBM.
- 1959 - The United States recognizes the new Cuban government of Fidel Castro
- 1975 - OPEC agrees to raise crude oil prices by 10%.
- 1979 - Phnom Penh fell to the advancing Vietnamese troops, so driving out Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge.
- 1980 - President Jimmy Carter authorizes legislation giving $1.5 billion in loans to bail out Chrysler Corporation.
- 1984 - Brunei becomes the sixth member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
- 1989 - Akihito becomes Emperor of Japan.
- 1990 - The Leaning Tower of Pisa is closed to the public due to safety concerns.
- 1996 - One of the worst blizzards in American history hits eastern states killing more than 100.
- 1999 - The impeachment trial of PresidentBill Clinton begins.

Births


- 1355 - Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, son of Edward III of England (d. 1397)
- 1502 - Pope Gregory XIII (d. 1585)
- 1528 - Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre (d. 1572)
- 1647 - Wilhelm Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1677)
- 1685 - Jonas Alströmer, Swedish industrialist (d. 1761)
- 1706 - Johann Heinrich Zedler, German publisher (d. 1751)
- 1718 - Israel Putnam, American Revolutionary War general (d. 1790)
- 1768 - Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples (d. 1844)
- 1800 - Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States (d. 1874)
- 1831 - Heinrich von Stephan, German labor organizer (d. 1897)
- 1834 - Johann Philipp Reis, German physicist and inventor (d. 1874)
- 1844 - Bernadette Soubirous, French saint (d. 1879)
- 1860 - Emanuil Manolov, Bulgarian composer (d. 1902)
- 1871 - Felix Édouard Justin Émile Borel, French mathematician, politician, and resistance fighter (d. 1956)
- 1873 - Adolph Zukor, Hungarian producer (d. 1976)
- 1875 - Thomas Hicks, American runner (d. 1963)
- 1891 - Zora Neale Hurston, American author (d. 1960)
- 1896 - Arnold Ridley, British playwright and actor (d. 1984)
- 1899 - Francis Poulenc, French composer (d. 1963)
- 1903 - Warren Hull, American actor (d. 1974)
- 1903 - Alan Napier, English actor (d. 1988)
- 1908 - Red Allen, American musician (d. 1967)
- 1910 - Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Pakistani poet (d. (1984)
- 1910 - Orval Faubus, Governor of Arkansas (d. 1994)
- 1911 - Butterfly McQueen, American actress (d. 1995)
- 1912 - Charles Addams, American cartoonist (d. 1988)
- 1913 - Johnny Mize, baseball player (d. 1993)
- 1916 - Paul Keres, Estonian chess player (d. 1975)
- 1922 - Vincent Gardenia, Italian-born actor (d. 1992)
- 1922 - Jean-Pierre Rampal, French flutist (d. 2000)
- 1923 - Hugh Kenner, Canadian literary critic (d. 2003)
- 1925 - Gerald Durrell British naturalist, zookeeper, author, and television presenter (d. 1995)
- 1928 - William Peter Blatty, American screenwriter
- 1929 - Terry Moore, American actress
- 1934 - Charlie Jenkins, American runner
- 1935 - Kenny Davern, American jazz clarinetist
- 1935 - Valeri Kubasov, cosmonaut
- 1941 - Iona Brown, British violinist and conductor (d. 2004)
- 1941 - John E. Walker, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1942 - Vasily Alexeev, Russian weightlifter
- 1945 - Tony Conigliaro, American baseball player (d. 1990)
- 1946 - Jann Wenner, American publisher
- 1948 - Kenny Loggins, American singer
- 1949 - Steven Williams, American actor
- 1950 - Erin Gray, American actress
- 1956 - David Caruso, American actor
- 1957 - Nicholson Baker, American novelist
- 1957 - Katie Couric, American television host
- 1957 - Julian Solis, Puerto Rican boxer
- 1964 - Nicolas Cage, American actor
- 1966 - Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy, American publicist (d. 1999)
- 1967 - Mark Lamarr, British comedian
- 1971 - David Yost, American actor
- 1976 - Eric Gagné, Canadian baseball player
- 1976 - Alfonso Soriano, Dominican Major League Baseball player
- 1977 - Dustin Diamond, American actor
- 1979 - Bipasha Basu, Indian model and actress
- 1980 - Mariangel Ruiz, Venezuelan hostees, actress, and model
- 1990 - Liam Aiken, American Actor

Deaths


- 1400 - Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey, English politician (executed) (b. 1374)
- 1536 - Catherine of Aragon, queen of Henry VIII of England (b. 1485)
- 1566 - Louis de Blois, Flemish mystic (b. 1506)
- 1619 - Nicholas Hilliard, English painter
- 1625 - Ruggiero Giovannelli, Italian composer
- 1658 - Theophilus Eaton, Connecticut colonist (b. 1590)
- 1694 - Charles Gerard, 1st Earl of Macclesfield, English royalist general
- 1700 - Raphael Fabretti, Italian antiquarian (b. 1618)
- 1758 - Allan Ramsay, Scottish poet (b. 1686)
- 1767 - Thomas Clap, first president of Yale University (b. 1703)
- 1770 - Carl Gustaf Tessin, Swedish politician (b. 1695)
- 1783 - William Tans'ur, English hymnist (b. 1700)
- 1786 - Jean-Étienne Guettard, French physician and scientist (b. 1715)
- 1830 - Thomas Lawrence, English painter (b. 1769)
- 1864 - Caleb Blood Smith, U.S. Secretary of the Interior (b. 1808)
- 1872 - James Fisk, American entrepreneur (b. 1834)
- 1878 - François-Vincent Raspail, French chemist (b. 1794)
- 1893 - Jožef Stefan, Slovenian physicist, mathematician, and poet (b. 1835)
- 1920 - Edmund Barton, first Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1849)
- 1943 - Nikola Tesla, Serbian-born inventor and electrical engineer (b. 1856)
- 1951 - René Guénon, French-Egyptian author (b. 1886)
- 1964 - Cyril Davies, American musician (b. 1932)
- 1972 - John Berryman, American poet (b. 1914)
- 1984 - Alfred Kastler, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902))
- 1986 - Juan Rulfo, Mexican novelist (b. 1917)
- 1988 - Trevor Howard, English actor (b. 1913)
- 1989 - Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (b. 1901)
- 1990 - Bronko Nagurski, American football player(b. 1908)
- 1995 - Murray Rothbard, American economist (b. 1926)
- 1996 - Károly Grósz, Hungarian politician (b. 1930)
- 1998 - Vladimir Prelog, Croatian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b.1906)
- 2000 - Don Martin, American illustrator (b. 1931)
- 2002 - Gyula Várady, Hungarian footballer (b. 1919)
- 2002 - Jon Lee, Welsh drummer (Feeder) (suicide) (b. 1968)
- 2002 - Avery Schreiber, American actor (b. 1935)
- 2005 - Pierre Daninos, French novelist (b. 1913)
- 2005 - Eileen Desmond, Irish politician (b. 1932)

Holidays and observances


- Catholicism - Feast day of St. Raymond of Penafort.
- Christmas Day in the Julian calendar. This is the day on which Christmas is celebrated in most Orthodox churches, e.g. the Coptic Orthodox, Macedonian Orthodox, Serbian Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Anthiochian Orthodox as well as the Greek Orthodox Church in Athens & Egypt.
- European traditional - Distaff day: women's traditional work begins again after Epiphany.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/7 BBC: On This Day] ---- January 6 - January 8 - December 7 - February 7 — listing of all daysko:1월 7일ms:7 Januarija:1月7日simple:January 7th:7 มกราคม

Blizzard

A blizzard is a severe weather condition characterized by low temperatures and strong winds (greater than 35 mph) bearing a great amount of snow, either falling or blowing. Because the factors involving classification of winter storms are complex, there are many different definitions of blizzard. A major consensus is that in order to be classified as a blizzard, as opposed to merely a winter storm, the weather must meet several conditions. The storm must decrease visibility to a quarter of a mile for three consecutive hours, including snow or ice as precipitation, and have wind speeds of at least 32 mph (seven or more on the Beaufort Wind Scale). Another standard, according to Environment Canada, is that the winter storm must have winds of 40 km/h (25 m.p.h.) or more, have snow or blowing snow, visibility less than 1 km (about 3000 feet), a wind chill of less than -25 degrees Celsius (-13 degress F), and all of these conditions must last for 4 hours or more, before the storm can be properly called a blizzard. When all of these conditions persist after snow has stopped falling, meteorologists refer to the storm as a ground blizzard. Severe blizzards can occur in conjunction with arctic cyclones. An extreme form of blizzard is a whiteout, when downdrafts coupled with snowfall become so severe that it is impossible to distinguish the ground from the air. People caught in a whiteout can quickly become disoriented, losing their sense of direction. The word blizzard is of unknown origin, but may originate from the surname Blizzard. It was first widely used after the great American winter storm now known as the "Blizzard of 1880." [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=blizzard] Certain types of blizzards in the northeastern United States are colloquially known as Nor'easters. In the Upper Midwest, a northerly weather pattern deemed likely to produce blizzards is called an Alberta clipper.

See also


- The Schoolhouse Blizzard
- The Great Blizzard of '88
- The Forging Fart of 1899
- The Blizzard of 1977
- The Great Blizzard of 1978
- The Nor'easter of 1978
- The 1993 North American Storm Complex
- The Blizzard of 1996
- The Blizzard of 2005
- :Category:BlizzardsCategory:Weather hazardsCategory:SnowCategory:Stormsja:地吹雪

January 10

January 10 is the 10th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 355 days remaining (356 in leap years).

Events


- 49 BC -- Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war.
- 1072 - Robert Guiscard conquers Palermo.
- 1776 - Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense.
- 1806 - Dutch in Cape Town surrender to the British.
- 1810 - Marriage of Napoleon and Josephine is annulled.
- 1861 - American Civil War: Florida secedes from the United States.
- 1863 - The first section of the London Underground Railway opens, between Paddington and Farringdon Street.
- 1870 - John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil.
- 1901 - The first great Texas gusher, oil discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, Texas.
- 1920 - League of Nations holds its first meeting and ratifies the Treaty of Versailles ending World War I.
- 1922 - Arthur Griffith is elected President of the Irish Free State.
- 1923 - Lithuania seizes and annexes Memel.
- 1927 - The film Metropolis by Fritz Lang premiers.
- 1929 - Tintin, a comic book character created by Hergé, makes his debut. He went on to be published in over 200 million comic books in 40 languages.
- 1941 - Lend-Lease is introduced into the U.S. Congress.
- 1946 - First General Assembly of the United Nations opens in London. Fifty-one nations are represented.
- 1957 - Harold Macmillan becomes the prime minister of the United Kingdom.
- 1969 - After 147 years, the last issue of the Saturday Evening Post is published.
- 1971 - Masterpiece Theatre debuts on PBS.
- 1982 - The lowest ever UK temperature of -27.2°C was recorded at Braemar in Aberdeenshire. This equalled the record set in the same place on February 11, 1895.
- 1984 - The United States and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations.
- 1989 - Cuban troops begin withdrawing from Angola.
- 1990 - Time Warner is formed from the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications Inc.
- 2000 - America Online announces an agreement to buy Time Warner for $162 billion, the largest corporate merger in history.
- 2001 - Wikipedia starts as part of Nupedia. It becomes a separate site five days later.

Births

1480 to 1899


- 1480 - Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands (d. 1530)
- 1538 - Louis of Nassau, Dutch general (d. 1574)
- 1573 - Simon Marius, German astronomer (d. 1624)
- 1607 - Isaac Jogues, French Jesuit missionary (d. 1646)
- 1628 - George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (d. 1687)
- 1644 - Louis François, duc de Boufflers, French marshal (d. 1711)
- 1654 - Joshua Barnes, English scholar (d. 1712)
- 1715 - Christian August Crusius, German philosopher and theologian (d. 1775)
- 1721 - Johann Philipp Baratier, German scholar (d. 1740)
- 1729 - Lazzaro Spallanzani, Italian biologist (d. 1799)
- 1738 - Ethan Allen, American Revolution military leader (d. 1789)
- 1769 - Michel Ney, French marshal (d. 1815)
- 1797 - Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, German writer (d. 1848)
- 1828 - Herman Koeckemann, German Catholic prelate (d. 1892)
- 1843 - Frank James, American outlaw (d. 1915)
- 1849 - Francisco Ferrer Guardia, Spanish free-thinker (d. 1909)
- 1858 - Heinrich Zille, German illustrator and photographer (d. 1929)
- 1869 - Grigori Rasputin, Russian monk (d. 1916)
- 1873 - George Orton, Canadian athlete (d. 1958)
- 1883 - Francis X. Bushman, American actor (d. 1966)
- 1883 - Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoi, Russian writer (d. 1945)
- 1887 - Robinson Jeffers, American poet (d. 1962)

1900 to 1999


- 1904 - Ray Bolger, American actor, singer, dancer (d. 1987)
- 1908 - Paul Henreid, Austrian actor (d. 1993)
- 1908 - Bernard Lee, British actor (d. 1981)
- 1913 - Gustáv Husák, President of Czechoslovakia (d. 1991)
- 1913 - Mehmet Shehu, Albanian politician (d. 1981)
- 1916 - Sune Bergström, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
- 1917 - Jerry Wexler, American record producer
- 1918 - Arthur Chung, President of Guyana
- 1920 - Max Patkin, baseball player (d. 1999)
- 1921 - Rodger Ward, American race car driver (d. 2004)
- 1925 - Max Roach, American drummer and composer
- 1927 - Gisele MacKenzie, Canadian singer (d. 2003)
- 1927 - Johnnie Ray, American singer (d. 1990)
- 1927 - Otto Stich, Swiss politician
- 1930 - Roy Edward Disney, American film executive
- 1931 - Peter Barnes, English writer (d. 2004)
- 1934 - Leonid Kravchuk, Ukrainian politician
- 1935 - Ronnie Hawkins, American musician
- 1935 - Sherrill Milnes, American baritone
- 1936 - Stephen Ambrose, American historian (d. 2002)
- 1936 - Robert Wilson, American physicist and radio astronomer, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1937 - Thomas Penfield Jackson, American judge
- 1938 - Donald Knuth, American mathematician and computer scientist
- 1938 - Willie McCovey, baseball player
- 1939 - William Levy, Dutch writer
- 1939 - Sal Mineo, American actor (d. 1976)
- 1939 - Bill Toomey, American athlete
- 1943 - Jim Croce, American singer (d. 1973)
- 1944 - Frank Sinatra, Jr., American singer
- 1945 - Rod Stewart, English singer
- 1946 - Aynsley Dunbar, British drummer
- 1948 - Donald Fagen, American keyboardist
- 1948 - Teresa Graves, American actress and singer (d. 2002)
- 1948 - Mischa Maisky, Latvian cellist
- 1948 - William Sanderson, American actor
- 1949 - George Foreman, American boxer
- 1949 - James Lapine, American stage director
- 1949 - Linda Lovelace, American actress (d. 2002)
- 1953 - Pat Benatar, American singer
- 1953 - Bobby Rahal, American race car driver
- 1955 - Michael Schenker, German guitarist (UFO)
- 1956 - Shawn Colvin, American singer
- 1956 - Antonio Muñoz Molina, Spanish writer
- 1961 - Evan Handler, American actor
- 1964 - Brad Roberts, Canadian singer (Crash Test Dummies)
- 1973 - Ryan Drummond, American voice actor and comedian
- 1975 - Jake Delhomme, American football player
- 1978 - Gavin McCann, English footballer
- 1980 - Janelle Pierzina, American reality tevision star (Big Brother 6)
- 1982 - Josh Ryan Evans, American actor (d. 2004)

Deaths

681 to 1899


- 681 - Pope Agatho
- 1094 - Caliph Al-Mustansir of Cairo (b. 1029)
- 1276 - Pope Gregory X
- 1645 - William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1573)
- 1698 - Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont, French historian (b. 1637)
- 1707 - Philibert, comte de Gramont, French writer (b. 1621)
- 1754 - Edward Cave, English editor and publisher (b. 1691)
- 1761 - Edward Boscawen, British admiral (b. 1711)
- 1777 - Spranger Barry, Irish actor (b. 1719)
- 1778 - Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist (b. 1707)
- 1811 - Marie-Joseph Chénier, French poet (b. 1764)
- 1833 - Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician (b. 1752)
- 1851 - Karl Freiherr von Müffling, Prussian field marshal (b. 1775)
- 1862 - Samuel Colt, American inventor (b. 1814)
- 1866 - Pyotr Pletnyov, Russian poet (b. 1792)
- 1895 - Benjamin Godard, French composer (b. 1849)

1900 to 1999


- 1917 - William F. Cody, American frontiersman (b. 1846)
- 1934 - Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist accused of setting the Reichstag fire (b. 1909)
- 1941 - Frank Bridge, English composer (b. 1879)
- 1941 - Joe Penner, Hungarian-born comedian and actor (b. 1904)
- 1951 - Sinclair Lewis, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1885)
- 1957 - Gabriela Mistral, Chilean writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1889)
- 1961 - Dashiell Hammett, American writer (b. 1894)
- 1970 - Pavel Belyayev, cosmonaut (b. 1925)
- 1971 - Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel, French fashion designer (b. 1883)
- 1976 - Howlin' Wolf, American musician (b. 1910)
- 1978 - Pedro Chamorro, Nicaraguan journalist (b. 1924)
- 1980 - George Meany, American labor leader (b. 1894)
- 1981 - Katherine Alexander, American actress (b. 1898)
- 1981 - Richard Boone, American actor (b. 1917)
- 1981 - Fawn M. Brodie, American historian (b. 1915)
- 1982 - Paul Lynde, American comedian (b. 1926)
- 1986 - Jaroslav Seifert, Czech writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- 1987 - Sir David Robinson, British philanthropist and entrepreneur (b. 1904)
- 1997 - Elspeth Huxley, British journalist and writer (b. 1907)
- 1997 - Sheldon Leonard, American producer, actor, and director (b. 1907)
- 1997 - Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd, Scottish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)

2000 onwards


- 2000 - Sam Jaffe, American producer (b. 1901)
- 2004 - Spalding Gray, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1941)
- 2004 - Alexandra Ripley, American author (b. 1934)
- 2005 - Gene Baylos, American comedian (b. 1906)
- 2005 - Margherita Carosio, Italian soprano (b. 1908)
- 2005 - James Forman, American civil rights leader (b. 1928)
- 2005 - Erwin Hillier, British cinematographer (b. 1911)
- 2005 - Gordon John "Jack" Horner, American sports journalist
- 2005 - Joséphine-Charlotte, Grandduchess of Luxembourg (b. 1927)

Holidays and observances

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/10 BBC: On This Day] ---- January 9 - January 11 - December 10 - February 10 — listing of all daysko:1월 10일ms:10 Januarija:1月10日simple:January 10th:10 มกราคม

English Channel

The English Channel (French: La Manche, IPA: , "the sleeve"), also for some time known in England as the British Sea, is the part of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the island of Great Britain from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 563 km (350 mi) long and at its widest is 240 km (150 mi). The Strait of Dover is the narrowest part of the channel, being only 34 km (21 mi) from Dover to Cap Gris-Nez, and is located at the eastern end of the English Channel, where it meets the North Sea. The Channel is quite shallow, with an average depth of about 120 m at its widest part, reducing to about 45 m between Dover and Calais, then remaining shallow where it lies over the remains of the former land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries. (See 'Formation of the Channel') The Channel Islands lie in the Channel, close to the French side. The Isles of Scilly in the UK and Ushant in France mark the western end of the Channel. The French département of Manche, which incorporates the Cotentin Peninsula that juts out into the Channel, takes its name from the surrounding seaway.

Formation of the Channel

Before the end of the last ice age, around 10,000 years ago, the British Isles were part of mainland Europe. As the icesheet melted, a large freshwater lake formed in the southern part of what is now the North Sea. The outflow channel from the lake entered the Atlantic Ocean in the region of Dover and Calais. At some point around 6500 BC, catastrophic erosion swept away the chalk to create the English Channel, which has since been further widened by wave action on the soft, chalk cliffs. The same mechanism continues to widen the English Channel today.

Historical significance

The Channel has been a key natural defence for Britain, a fact that is referred to in William Shakespeare's play Richard II: Richard II :This precious stone set in the silver sea, :Which serves it in the office of a wall :Or as a moat defensive to a house, :Against the envy of less happier lands :  – Richard II. Act 2, Scene 1. It has allowed Britain to intervene but rarely be dangerously threatened in European conflicts. Without the gap Napoleon and Hitler would possibly have been able to overcome the powerful enemy that the British state represented. Nevertheless, the Channel has been the scene of many invasions (or attempted invasions) including the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Spanish Armada in 1588, and the WWII Normandy landings in 1944. The Channel has been the scene of many naval battles, including the Battle of Goodwin Sands (1652), the Battle of Portland (1653), the Battle of La Hougue (1692) and the engagement between USS Kearsarge and CSS Alabama (1864). However, at times the Channel has served as a link joining shared cultures and political structures, from pre-Roman Celtic society, the Roman imperial culture, and the foundation of Brittany by settlers from Great Britain, to the Anglo-Norman state. Cross-Channel trade has been a significant factor for societies on both sides of the Channel from prehistoric times, and a number of important ports have developed in England and in France:
- Dover
- Calais
- Dieppe, France
- Southampton
- Portsmouth
- Le Havre
- Cherbourg-Octeville Important ferry routes are
- Dover-Calais
- Newhaven-Dieppe
- Portsmouth-Caen (Ouistreham)
- Portsmouth-Cherbourg
- Portsmouth-Le Havre
- Poole-Saint Malo
- Weymouth-Saint Malo
- Plymouth-Roscoff Adding to the high level of cross-Channel traffic is the very significant traffic passing through the Channel, linking the economies of northern Europe with the rest of the world. Combined, this maritime traffic makes the Channel one of the busiest seaways in the world, accounting for a large share of global maritime trade (some sources place this at up to one quarter). The coastal resorts of the Channel, such as Brighton and Deauville, inaugurated an era of aristocratic tourism in the early 19th century which developed into the democratic seaside tourism that has shaped resorts around the world.

The Channel Tunnel

Nowadays, many travellers cross the English Channel underneath, by way of the Channel Tunnel or "Chunnel". This grand engineering feat, first proposed in the time of Napoleon, connects England and France by rail. It is now routine to travel between Paris, Brussels and London on the Eurostar train.

Notable Channel crossings

On 7 January1785 Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and AmericanJohn Jeffries travelled from Dover to Calais in a gas balloon, becoming the first to cross the English Channel by air. Pilâtre de Rozier perished while attempting a similar balloon crossing - the first recorded air crash. William Murdoch's The Caledonia became the first steamboat to carry out a cross-channel crossing. The first person to swim the channel was Matthew Webb in 1875. In 1909, Louis Blériot (France) was the first person to fly over the English Channel in a heavier-than-air aircraft. On August 231910, John Moisant flew the first aircraft flight with a passenger across the English Channel. His passenger was his mechanic, Albert Fileux, and he also took his cat. On 6 August1926, Gertrude Ederle became the first woman to swim the Channel, breaking the men's record of the time by two hours. The Mountbatten class hovercraft entered commercial service in August 1968 initially operated between Dover and Boulogne but later craft also made the Ramsgate (Pegwell Bay) to Calais route. The journey time, Dover to Boulogne, was roughly 35 minutes, with six trips a day at peak times. The fastest crossing was made in 1995 at just 22 minutes. In July 1972, Lynne Cox became the youngest person to swim the English Channel at age fifteen, breaking both the men's and women's records. She swam the channel again in 1973, setting a new record time of nine hours and thirty-six minutes. In 1979, a 70 lb (32 kg) aircraft called the Gossamer Albatross won the £100,000 Kremer prize for being the first human-powered airplane to fly over the Channel. The pilot Bryan Allen pedalled for 3 hours to accomplish this feat. In 1981 the Solar Challenger became the first solar-powered airplane to complete a crossing. The fastest swim of the channel was by Chad Hundeby in 1994. He crossed the channel in 7 hours 17 minutes. In 1997 the SB Collinda was the first vessel to complete a solar-powered crossing using photovoltaic cells. On 31 July2003, Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner, wearing high-tech carbon wings, jumped out of a plane 30,000 feet (9 100 m) above Dover, glided over the Channel, and opened his parachute above Calais. carbon On 14 June2004, Sir Richard Branson broke the world record for crossing the Channel in an amphibious vehicle. The Gibbs Aquada, a two-seater open-top sports car, in which he did it, broke the record by some 6 hours. Other swimming crossings include: Vicki Keith (first butterfly swim crossing); Florence Chadwick (first woman to swim the Channel in both directions); Winnie Leuszler (first Canadian woman); Marilyn Bell (youngest person up to 1955); Amelia Gade Corson (first mother and second woman); Mercedes Gleitze (first Englishwoman, 7 October 1927); Comedian Doon Mackichan has also swum the channel.

See also


- :Category:Islands in English Channel
- HVDC Cross-Channel
- White cliffs of Dover
- Goodwin Sands
- Greenwich Light Vessel Automatic
- Phoenix breakwatersCategory:Straits of EuropeCategory:SeasCategory:Geography of Europeko:영국 해협ja:イギリス海峡

January 12

January 12 is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 353 days remaining (354 in leap years).

Events


- 1528 - Gustav I of Sweden crowned king of Sweden.
- 1592 - Titus Andronicus first staged at the Rose Theatre.
- 1773 - The first public Colonial American museum opens in Charleston, South Carolina.
- 1777 - Mission Santa Clara de Asís is founded in what is now Santa Clara, California.
- 1838 - In order to avoid anti-Mormon.persecution, Joseph Smith, Jr. and his followers leave Ohio for Missouri.
- 1866 - Royal Aeronautical Society is formed in London.
- 1872 - Yohannes IV is crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in Axum, the first imperial coronation in that city in over 200 years.
- 1875 - Kwang-su becomes emperor of China.
- 1896 - H. L. Smith takes the first x-ray photograph.
- 1898 - Ito Hirobumi begins his third term as Prime Minister of Japan.
- 1908 - A long-distance radio message is sent from the Eiffel Tower for the first time.
-