:: wikimiki.org ::

1791

1791

1791 was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).

Events

- Unknown date - First American ship reaches Japan
- January 25 - The British Parliament passes the Constitutional Act of 1791, splitting the old province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada
- March 4 - Vermont is admitted as the 14th U.S. state.
- May 3 - The Polish Sejm (Parliament) proclaims the Constitution of third May, the first modern codified constitution in Europe
- July 14 - The Priestley Riots in Birmingham, England.
- June 20 - The French Royal Family is captured when they try to flee in disguise
- August 26 - John Fitch is granted a patent for the steamboat in the United States.
- December 4 - The first issue of The Observer, the world's first Sunday newspaper, is published.
- December 15 - Ratification by the states of the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution is completed, creating the United States Bill of Rights. Two additional amendments remain pending, and one of these is finally ratified in 1992, becoming the Twenty-seventh Amendment.
- Slave rebellion in Haiti has begun
- Brandenburg Gate in Berlin finished

Ongoing events

- French Revolution (1789-1799)

Births

- January 15 - Franz Grillparzer, Austrian writer (d. 1872)
- January 28 - Louis Joseph Ferdinand Herold, French composer (d. 1833)
- February 21 - Carl Czerny, Austrian composer (d. 1857)
- Feburary 21 - John Mercer, chemist and industrialist (d. 1866)
- April 23 - James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States (d. 1868)
- April 27 - Samuel Morse, American inventor (d. 1872)
- July 26 - Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Austrian composer and pianist (d. 1844)
- September 22 - Michael Faraday, British scientist (d. 1867)
- September 26 - Théodore Géricault, French writer (d. 1824)
- November 11 - Josef Munzinger, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1855)
- December 26 - Charles Babbage, British mathematician and inventor (d. 1871)

Deaths

- January 11 - William Williams Pantycelyn, Welsh hymnist (b. 1717)
- March 2 - John Wesley, English founder of Methodism (b. 1703)
- March 14 - Johann Salomo Semler, German historian and Bible commentator (b. 1725)
- April 19 - Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (b. 1723)
- May 9 - Francis Hopkinson, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1737)
- June 5 - Frederick Haldimand, Swiss-born British colonial governor (b. 1718)
- June 10 - Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte, French admiral (b. 1720)
- July 17 - Martin Dobrizhoffer, Austrian Jesuit missionary (b. 1717)
- July 25 - Isaac Low, American delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1735)
- August 16 - Charles-François de Broglie, marquis de Ruffec, French soldier and diplomat (b. 1719)
- September 25 - William Bradford, American printer (b. 1719)
- December 5 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer (b. 1756) Category:1791 ko:1791년 ms:1791

Common year starting on Saturday

This is the calendar for any common year starting on Saturday (dominical letter B) e.g. 2005. (A common year is a year with 365 days -- in other words, not a leap year.)

Millennium	Century	Year
2nd Millennium:	19th century:	1803	1814	1825	1831	1842	1853	1859	1870	1881	1887	1898
2nd Millennium:	20th century:	1910	1921	1927	1938	1949	1955	1966	1977	1983	1994
3rd Millennium:	21st century:	2005	2011	2022	2033	2039	2050	2061	2067	2078	2089	2095
3rd Millennium:	22nd century:	2101	2107	2118	2129	2135	2146	2157	2163	2174	2185	2191

Other years

Category:Saturday Category:Weeks ko:토요일로 시작하는 평년 th:ปีปกติสุรทินที่วันแรกเป็นวันเสาร์

January 25

January 25 is the 25th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 340 days remaining (341 in leap years).

Events

- 41 - After a night of negotiation, Claudius is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the Senate.
- 1327 - Edward III becomes King of England.
- 1494 - Alfonso II becomes King of Naples.
- 1533 - Henry VIII of England secretly marries his second wife Anne Boleyn.
- 1554 - Foundation of São Paulo city, Brazil.
- 1755 - Moscow University established.
- 1791 - The British Parliament splits the old province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada.
- 1792 - The London Corresponding Society is founded
- 1858 - The Wedding March by Felix Mendelssohn becomes a popular wedding recessional after it is played on this day at the marriage of Queen Victoria's daughter, Victoria, and Friedrich of Prussia.
- 1881 - Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company.
- 1890 - The United Mine Workers of America is founded.
- 1890 - Nellie Bly completes her round-the-world journey in 72 days.
- 1915 - Alexander Graham Bell inaugurates U.S. transcontinental telephone service.
- 1917 - The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million.
- 1919 - The League of Nations is founded.
- 1924 - The 1924 Winter Olympics open in Chamonix, France (in the French Alps), inaugurating the Winter Olympic Games.
- 1941 - Pope Pius XII elevates the Apostolic Vicariate of the Hawaiian Islands to the dignity of a diocese. It becomes the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu.
- 1942 - Thailand declares war on the United States and United Kingdom.
- 1946 - The United Mine Workers rejoins the American Federation of Labor.
- 1949 - At the Hollywood Athletic Club the first Emmy Awards are presented.
- 1949 - The first Israeli election -- David Ben-Gurion becomes Prime Minister.
- 1960 - The National Association of Broadcasters reacts to the Payola scandal by threatening fines for any disc jockeys who accepted money for playing particular records.
- 1961 - In Washington, DC John F. Kennedy delivers the first live presidential television news conference.
- 1971 - Charles Manson and three female "family members" are found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.
- 1971 - Idi Amin leads a coup deposing Milton Obote and becomes Uganda's president.
- 1971 - Himachal Pradesh becomes the 18th Indian state.
- 1981 - Super Bowl XV: The Oakland Raiders defeat the Philadelphia Eagles, 27-10.
- 1986 - The National Resistance Movement topple the government of Tito Okello in Uganda
- 1987 - Super Bowl XXI: The New York Giants beat the Denver Broncos, 39-20.
- 1990 - The Burns' Day storm hits Northwestern Europe.
- 1990 - Honduras becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
- 1993 - Mir Amir Kansi kills two employees outside CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia.
- 1995 - The Norwegian Rocket Incident: Russia almost launches a nuclear attack after Black Brant XII, a Norwegian research rocket, is mistaken for a US Trident missile by the Olenegorsk early-warning radar station.
- 1998 - Super Bowl XXXII: The Denver Broncos beat the Green Bay Packers, 31-24.
- 1999 - A 6.0 Richter scale earthquake hits western Colombia killing at least 1,000.
- 2002 - Wikipedia switches to the new version of its software ("Phase II") aka Magnus Manske Day
- 2004 - Opportunity (MER-B) lands on surface of Mars.
- 2005 - A stampede during a pilgrimage in India kills at least 215.

Births

- 1477 - Anna, Duchess of Brittany, queen of Charles VIII of France (d. 1514)
- 1509 - Giovanni Morone, Italian cardinal (d. 1580)
- 1615 - Govert Flinck, Dutch painter (d. 1660)
- 1627 - Robert Boyle, Irish chemist (d. 1691)
- 1634 - Gaspar Fagel, Dutch statesman (d. 1688)
- 1640 - William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire, English soldier and statesman (d. 1707)
- 1736 - Joseph Louis Lagrange, Italian-born mathematician (d. 1813)
- 1739 - Charles François Dumouriez, French general (d. 1823)
- 1759 - Robert Burns, Scottish poet (d. 1796)
- 1794 - François-Vincent Raspail, French chemist (d. 1878)
- 1796 - William MacGillivray, Scottish naturalist and ornithologist (d. 1852)
- 1825 - George Pickett, American Confederate General (d. 1875)
- 1841 - Jackie Fisher, British First Sea Lord (d. 1920)
- 1858 - Kokichi Mikimoto, Japanese pearl farm pioneer (d. 1954)
- 1860 - Charles Curtis, Vice President of the United States (d. 1936)
- 1874 - William Somerset Maugham, English writer (d. 1965)
- 1878 - Ernst Alexanderson, Swedish-born television pioneer (d. 1975)
- 1882 - Virginia Woolf, English writer (d. 1941)
- 1886 - Wilhelm Furtwängler, German conductor (d. 1954)
- 1900 - Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ukrainian-American geneticist and biologist (d. 1975)
- 1900 - Yojiro Ishizaka, Japanese writer (d. 1986)
- 1913 - Witold Lutosławski, Polish composer (d. 1994)
- 1917 - Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist and chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2003)
- 1917 - Jânio Quadros, Brazilian politician (d. 1992)
- 1918 - Ernie Harwell, baseball sportscaster
- 1919 - Edwin Newman, American journalist and writer
- 1923 - Arvid Carlsson, Swedish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1927 - Antonio Carlos Jobim, Brazilian musician (d. 1994)
- 1928 - Eduard Shevardnadze, President of Georgia
- 1931 - Dean Jones, American actor
- 1933 - Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines
- 1936 - Diana Hyland, American actress (d. 1977)
- 1938 - Etta James, American singer
- 1938 - Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian poet, singer, and actor (d. 1980)
- 1941 - Buddy Baker, American race car driver
- 1941 - Gregory Sierra, American actor
- 1942 - Carl Eller, American football player
- 1942 - Eusébio, Portuguese footballer
- 1943 - Tobe Hooper, American film director
- 1944 - Leigh Taylor-Young, American actress
- 1947 - Tostão, Brazilian footballer
- 1949 - Paul Nurse, British biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- 1951 - Steve Prefontaine, American runner (d. 1975)
- 1952 - Timothy White, American journalist (d. 2002
- 1954 - Ricardo Bochini, Argentinian footballer
- 1958 - Dinah Manoff, American actress
- 1969 - Kina, American singer
- 1971 - Luca Badoer, Italian race car driver
- 1975 - Tim Montgomery, American athlete
- 1976 - Mia Kirshner, Canadian actress
- 1980 - Christian Olsson, Swedish athlete
- 1981 - Alicia Keys, American singer and musician
- 1984 - Robinho, Brazilian footballer

Deaths

- 477 - Geiseric, King of the Vandals and Alans
- 844 - Pope Gregory IV
- 1067 - Emperor Yingzong of China (b. 1032)
- 1366 - Henry Suso, German mystic
- 1431 - Charles I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1364)
- 1494 - King Ferdinand I of Naples (b. 1423)
- 1559 - King Christian II of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (b. 1481)
- 1586 - Lucas Cranach the Younger, German painter (b. 1515)
- 1640 - Robert Burton, English scholar (b. 1577)
- 1670 - Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1612)
- 1726 - Guillaume Delisle, French cartographer (b. 1726)
- 1733 - Gilbert Heathcote, Mayor of London
- 1751 - Paul Dudley, Attorney-General of Massachusetts (b. 1675)
- 1881 - Konstantin Thon, Russian architect (b. 1794)
- 1908 - Mikhail Chigorin, Russian chess player (b. 1850)
- 1908 - Ouida, English writer (b. 1839)
- 1925 - Ivan Vucetic, Croatian anthropologist (b. 1858)
- 1947 - Al Capone, American gangster (b. 1899)
- 1969 - Irene Castle, English dancer (b. 1887)
- 1970 - Jane Bathori, French mezzo-soprano (b. 1877)
- 1981 - Adele Astaire, American dancer (b. 1897)
- 1982 - Mikhail Suslov, Soviet politician (b. 1902)
- 1990 - Ava Gardner, American actress (b. 1922)
- 1994 - Stephen Cole Kleene, American mathematician (b. 1909)
- 1995 - Cal Jammer, American actor (b. 1960)
- 1996 - Jonathan Larson, American composer (b. 1960)
- 1999 - Robert Shaw, American conductor (b. 1916)
- 2004 - Fanny Blankers-Koen, Dutch athlete (b. 1918)
- 2004 - Miklós Fehér, Hungarian footballer (b. 1979)
- 2005 - Stanisław Albinowski, Polish economist and journalist (b. 1923)
- 2005 - William Augustus Bootle, American judge (b. 1902)
- 2005 - Philip Johnson, American architect (b. 1906)
- 2005 - Ray Peterson, American singer (b. 1935)
- 2005 - Nettie Witziers-Timmer, Dutch athlete (b. 1923)

Holidays and observances

- Catholicism and Anglicanism - Conversion of Saint Paul.
- Christian ecumenism — Week of Prayer for Christian Unity ends.
- Burns Night - Burns suppers are held in many parts of the world around this date.
- Tu Bishvat (Jewish holiday, 2005)
- Roman Empire - second day of the Sementivae in honour of Ceres and Terra
- Magnus_Manske_Day - The day in 2002 when Wikipedia switched to the new PHP software ("Phase II")
- Winter-een-mas - An annual celebration of games. Starts on January 25 and ends on January 31.

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/25 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/1/25 Today in History: January 25] ---- January 24 - January 26 - December 25 - February 25 — listing of all days ko:1월 25일 ms:25 Januari ja:1月25日 simple:January 25 th:25 มกราคม

Constitutional Act of 1791

The Constitutional Act of 1791 was a British law which changed the government of the province of Quebec to accommodate the many English-speaking settlers, known as the United Empire Loyalists, who had arrived from the United States following the American Revolution. Quebec was divided in two. The western half became Upper Canada (now southern Ontario) and the eastern half Lower Canada (now southern Quebec). Upper Canada received English law and institutions, while Lower Canada retained French law and institutions, including seigneurial land tenure, and the privileges accorded to the Roman Catholic church. Representative governments were established in both colonies with the creation of a legislative assembly; Quebec had not previously had representative government. Along with each assembly there was also an appointed upper house, the Legislative Council, created for wealthy landowners; within the Legislative Council was the Executive Council, acting as a cabinet for the governor.

Hierarchy of power under the Constitutional Act of 1791

The Constitutional Act also tried to create an established church by creating clergy reserves. grants of land reserved for the support of the Protestant clergy. In practice income from the rent or sale of these reserves, which constituted one-seventh of the territory of Upper and Lower Canada, went exclusively to the Church of England and, from 1824 on, the Church of Scotland. These reserves created many difficulties in later years, making economic development difficult and creating resentment against the Anglican church, the Family Compact, and the Château Clique. The act was problematic for both English speakers and French speakers; the French Canadians felt they might be overshadowed by English settlement and increased rights for Protestants, while the new English-speaking settlers felt the French Canadians still had too much power. However, both groups preferred the act and the institutions it created to the Quebec Act which it replaced. The act is often seen as a watershed in the development of French Canadian nationalism as it provided for a province (Lower Canada) that was seen by les Canadiens to be their own, separate from the Anglo Upper Canada. The disconnect between this French Canadian ideal of Lower Canada as a distinct, national homeland and the reality of the continued Anglo political and economic dominance of the province after 1791 led to discontent and a desire for reform among various segments of the Canadien populace. The French Canadian frustration at the nature of Lower Canadian political and economic life in "their" province eventually helped fuel the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837-38.

External links

- [http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView/21241/0002?id=f752b62ec396917c Constitutional Act of the Province of Lower Canada] Category:Quebec history Category:Ontario history Category:1791 in law Category:Constitution of Canada

Upper Canada

Government

This territory passed into British hands with the Treaty of Paris (1763). It was incorporated into the Province of Quebec by the Quebec Act of 1774. Upper Canada became a political entity in 1791 with the passage, in 1790, of the Constitutional Act by the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act divided the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada. The division was effected so that Loyalist American settlers and British immigrants in Upper Canada could have British laws and institutions, and the French-speaking population of Lower Canada could maintain French civil law and the Catholic religion. The colony was administered by a lieutenant-governor, legislative council, and legislative assembly. The first lieutenant-governor was John Graves Simcoe. On February 1, 1796 the capital of Upper Canada was moved from Newark (now Niagara-on-the-Lake) to York (now Toronto), which was judged to be less vulnerable to attack by the Americans. Local government in Upper Canada was based on districts. In 1788, four districts were created:
- Lunenburgh District, renamed to Eastern in 1792
- Mecklenburg District, later Midland
- Nassau District, later Home
- Hesse District, later Western Additional districts were created from the existing districts as the population grew until 1849, when local government mainly based on counties came into effect. At that time, there were 20 districts; legislation to create a new Kent District never completed. Up until 1841, the district officials were appointed by the lieutenant-governor, although usually with local input. A Court of Quarter Sessions was held four times a year in each district to oversee the administration of the district and deal with legal cases.

Land settlement

Land had been settled since the French regime, notably along the Detroit River and the Saint Lawrence River. However, impetus to land settlement came with the influx of Loyalist refugees and military personnel in 1784 after the American Revolution. As a result, prior to the creation of Upper Canada in 1791 as a separate colony, much land had been ceded by the First Nations to the Crown in accordance with the Royal Proclamation of 1763. This land was surveyed by the government of the Province of Quebec, particularly in eastern Ontario along the Saint Lawrence River, as the Western Townships, while the Eastern Townships were in Lower Canada. Rudimentary municipal administration began with the creation of districts, notably Western (including present day Brantford), Eastern, Gore (including present day Hamilton) and Home (including present day Toronto). The Act Against Slavery passed in Upper Canada on July 9, 1793. The British garrisons withdrew from Detroit, Upper Canada to Amherstburg, and from Michimillimackinac to Drummond Island, in 1796. The lower peninsula of Michigan thus became American, initially (through 1805) as part of Indiana Territory. The upper peninsula, although claimed by the United States, remained nominally part of Upper Canada until 1818. Drummond Island, which was also part of the American claim and was formally awarded to the United States by a joint border commission in 1818, was finally released by the Province of United Canada and incorporated into the State of Michigan in 1847. Meanwhile, during the War of 1812, following General Isaac Brock's capture of Detroit on August 16, 1812, then-Michigan Territory was again part of the Province of Upper Canada. British/Canadian troops found it necessary to withdraw from Detroit in 1813, however, as they were needed elsewhere. The British attempted to renegotiate the boundary at Michigan during the Congress of Vienna in 1815, but the Americans refused to consider any change and then Napoleon escaped. The first order of business was to recapture the resurrected French leader and defeat him once and for all. After that was accomplished at Waterloo, the British were too tired to worry whether Michigan was American or Canadian. Upper Canada ceased to be a political entity with the Act of Union (1840), when, by an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, it was merged with Lower Canada to form the Province of United Canada. This was principally in response to the Upper and Lower Canada rebellions of 1837 and 1837-38, respectively. At Confederation in 1867, the Province of Canada was re-divided along the former boundary as the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The name 'Upper Canada' lives on in a few fossilized forms, most notably the Law Society of Upper Canada, Upper Canada College and the Upper Canada Brewing Company. When the capital first moved to Toronto in 1796, the Parliament of Upper Canada was located at the corner of Parliament and Front Streets, in a building that was eventually abandoned. In 2001 the remains of the original Parliament building were found during preparations to build a car dealership on that site.

Population

(see Province of Canada for population after 1840)
Source: Statistics Canada website Censuses of Canada 1665 to 1871.

Bibliography

- Armstrong, Frederick H. Handbook of Upper Canadian Chronology. Toronto : Dundurn Press, 1985. ISBN 0-919670-92-X
- Craig, Gerald M. Upper Canada : the formative years 1784-1841. Toronto : McClelland and Stewart, 1963.
- Dieterman, Frank. Government on fire : the history and archaelogy of Upper Canada's first Parliament Buildings. Toronto : Eastendbooks, 2001.
- Dunham, Eileen. Political unrest in Upper Canada 1815-1836. Toronto : McClelland and Stewart, 1963.
- Errington, Jane. The lion, the eagle, and Upper Canada : a developing colonial ideology. Kingston, Ont. : McGill-Queen's University Press, 1987.
- Johnston, James Keith. Historical essays on Upper Canada. Toronto : McClelland and Stewart, 1975.
- Lewis, Frank and Urquhart, M.C. Growth and standard of living in a pioneer economy : Upper Canada 1826-1851. Kingston, Ont. : Institute for Economic Research, Queen's University, 1997.
- McCalla, Douglas. Planting the province : the economic history of Upper Canada 1784-1870. Toronto : University of Toronto Press, 1993.
- McNairn, Jeffrey L. The capacity to judge : public opinion and deliberative democracy in Upper Canada 1791-1854. Toronto : University of Toronto Press, 2000.
- Winearls, Joan. Mapping Upper Canada 1780-1867 : an annotated bibliography of manuscript and printed maps. Toronto : University of Toronto Press, 1991.

March 4

March 4 is the 63rd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (64th in leap years). There are 302 days remaining. The United States Constitution originally provided that the President of the United States was to be inaugurated on this date, starting in 1793 and then repeating every four years until 1933. In 1933, the 20th Amendment changed the presidential inauguration date to January 20.

Events

- 303 or 304 - Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
- 1152 - Frederick I Barbarossa is elected King of the Germans.
- 1461 - Wars of the Roses in England: Lancastrian King Henry VI is deposed by his Yorkist cousin, who then becomes King Edward IV.
- 1665 - Start of the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
- 1681 - Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania.
- 1789 - In New York City, the first U.S. Congress meets and declares the new Constitution of the United States is in effect.
- 1789 to 1933 - US Inauguration Day
- 1790 - France is divided into 83 départements, which cut across the former provinces in an attempt to dislodge regional loyalties based on noble ownership of land.
- 1791 - Vermont is admitted as the 14th U.S. state.
- 1804 - The Battle of Vinegar Hill, colony of New South Wales (Australia)
- 1837 - Chicago is granted a city charter by Illinois.
- 1848 - Carlo Alberto di Savoia signs the Statuto Albertino that will represent the first constitution of the Regno d'Italia
- 1861 - The "Stars and Bars" is adopted as the flag of the Confederate States of America.
- 1877 - Emile Berliner invents the microphone.
- 1877 - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's balletSwan Lake debuts.
- 1881 - A Study in Scarlet, the first Sherlock Holmes story, begins.
- 1902 - In Chicago, the American Automobile Association is established.
- 1904 - Russo-Japanese War: Russian troops in Korea retreat toward Manchuria followed by 100,000 Japanese troops.
- 1913 - The United States Department of Commerce and United States Department of Labor are established by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old Dept. of Commerce and Labor.
- 1917 - Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first female member of the United States House of Representatives.
- 1933 - Frances Perkins becomes United States Secretary of Labor, first female member of the United States Cabinet.
- 1933 - President Franklin D. Roosevelt outlines his "New Deal" in his inauguration speech.
- 1933 - The Parliament of Austria is suspended because of a quibble over procedure - Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss initiates authoritarian rule by decree (see Austrofascism)
- 1941 - Britain launches Operation Claymore on the Lofoten Islands, during World War II.
- 1944 - In Ossining, New York, Louis Buchalter, the leader of 1930s crime syndicate Murder, Inc., is executed at Sing Sing.
- 1946 - The Voice Of Frank Sinatra, the first Frank Sinatra album ever, is released by Columbia Records.
- 1954 - Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston announces the first successful kidney transplant.
- 1963 - In Paris six people are sentenced to death for conspiring to assassinate President Charles de Gaulle.
- 1966 - John Lennon says, "We (The Beatles) are more popular than Jesus" which sparks controversy in the United States.
- 1975 - Charlie Chaplin is knighted by Queen Elizabeth II of England.
- 1977 - The 1977 Bucharest Earthquake in southern and eastern Europe kills more than 1,500.
- 1989 - Time, Inc. and Warner Communications announce plans for a merger forming Time-Warner.
- 1993 - Authorities announce the capture of suspected World Trade Center bombing conspirator Mohammad Salameh.
- 1994 - Four terrorists are convicted for their roles in the World Trade Center bombing which killed six and injured more than a thousand.
- 1995 - The World Summit on Social Development begins in Copenhagen.
- 1997 - United States President Bill Clinton bars federal funding for any research on human cloning.
- 1998 - Gay rights: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that federal laws banning on-the-job sexual harassment also apply when both parties are the same sex.
- 1999 - Monica Lewinsky's book detailing her affair with Bill Clinton goes on sale in the United States.
- 1999 - In a military court, Captain Richard Ashby of the United States Marines is acquitted of the charge of reckless flying which resulted in the deaths of 20 skiers in the Italian Alps when his low-flying jet hit a gondola cable.
- 2004 - The files of Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun are released to the public five years after his death.
- 2004 - FIFA reveals its list of 100 Greatest Living Footballers (otherwise known as the "FIFA 100").
- 2005 - The car of released Italian hostage Giuliana Sgrena is fired on by US soldiers in Iraq, causing the death of one passenger and injuring two more.
- 2005 - Carly Kirkwood begins her role as the new presenter of TV3 New Zealand's highly successful, late-night news show: Nightline.

Births

- 1394 - Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese patron of exploration (d. 1460)
- 1492 - Francesco de Layolle, Italian composer
- 1651 - John Somers, 1st Baron Somers, Lord Chancellor of England (d. 1716)
- 1665 - Philip Christoph von Königsmarck, Swedish soldier
- 1678 - Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer (d. 1741)
- 1719 - George Pigot, Baron Pigot, British governor of Madras (d. 1777)
- 1793 - Karl Lachmann, German philologist (d. 1851)
- 1826 - Theodore Judah, American railroad engineer (d. 1863)
- 1876 - Léon-Paul Fargue, French poet (d. 1947)
- 1877 - Garrett Morgan, American inventor (d. 1963)
- 1888 - Knute Rockne, American football player and coach (d. 1931)
- 1897 - Lefty O'Doul, baseball player and restaurateur (d. 1969)
- 1901 - Charles Goren, bridge expert (d. 1991)
- 1903 - Luis Carrero Blanco, Spanish statesman (d. 1973)
- 1904 - George Gamow, Ukrainian-born physicist (d. 1968)
- 1906 - Meindert DeJong American author of children's books (d. 1991)
- 1909 - Harry Helmsley, American real estate entrepreneur (d. 1997)
- 1913 - John Garfield, American actor (d. 1952)
- 1914 - Ward Kimball, American animator (d. 2002)
- 1916 - Hans Eysenck, German-born psychologist (d. 1997)
- 1925 - Paul Mauriat, French musician
- 1928 - Alan Sillitoe, American writer
- 1929 - Bernard Haitink, Dutch conductor
- 1932 - Miriam Makeba, South African singer
- 1932 - Ed "Big Daddy" Roth, American custom car designer (d. 2001)
- 1934 - Janez Strnad, Slovenian physicist
- 1935 - Bent Larsen, Danish chess player
- 1936 - Jim Clark, Scottish race car driver (d. 1968)
- 1938 - Don Perkins, American football player
- 1939 - Paula Prentiss, American actress
- 1941 - Adrian Lyne, English director
- 1942 - Charles C. Krulak, 31st Commandant of the Marine Corps
- 1947 - Jan Garbarek, Norwegian musician
- 1948 - Chris Squire, British musician (Yes)
- 1948 - James Ellroy, American writer
- 1950 - Rick Perry, Governor of Texas
- 1950 - Billy Gibbons, English musician (ZZ Top)
- 1951 - Kenny Dalglish Scottish footballer and football manager
- 1951 - Chris Rea, British singer and musician
- 1954 - Willie Thorne, English snooker player
- 1954 - Adrian Zmed, American actor and dancer
- 1954 - Catherine O'Hara, Canadian actress, comedienne
- 1954 - Irina Ratushinskaya, Russian writer
- 1958 - Patricia Heaton, American actress
- 1960 - Mykelti Williamson, American actor
- 1961 - Ray Mancini, American boxer
- 1962 - Steven Weber, American actor
- 1963 - Jason Newsted, American bassist (Metallica)
- 1965 - Gary Helms, American kickboxer
- 1966 - Kevin Johnson, American basketball player
- 1966 - Grand Puba, American rapper
- 1967 - Evan Dando, American musician
- 1968 - Patsy Kensit, English actress
- 1982 - Landon Donovan, American soccer player
- 1987 - Ding Junhui, Chinese snooker player

Deaths

- 1193 - Saladin, Turkish sultan (b. 1137)
- 1238 - Joan of England, queen of Alexander II of Scotland (b. 1210)
- 1484 - Saint Casimir, Prince of Poland (b. 1458)
- 1496 - Archduke Sigismund of Austria (b. 1427)
- 1604 - Fausto Paolo Sozzini, Italian theologian (b. 1539)
- 1615 - Hans von Aachen, German painter (b. 1552)
- 1619 - Anne of Denmark, queen of James I of England, (b. 1574)
- 1710 - Louis III, Prince of Condé (b. 1668)
- 1733 - Claude de Forbin, French naval commander (b. 1656)
- 1793 - Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, duc de Penthièvre, French admiral (b. 1725)
- 1795 - John Collins, American politician (b. 1717)
- 1805 - Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter (b. 1725)
- 1832 - Jean-François Champollion, French egyptologist (b. 1790)
- 1852 - Nikolai Gogol, Russian writer (b. 1809)
- 1858 - Matthew Perry, U.S. naval officer (b. 1794)
- 1868 - Jesse Chisholm, American pioneer (b. 1805)
- 1941 - Ludwig Quidde, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1858)
- 1946 - Bror von Blixen-Finecke, Danish big-game hunter (b. 1886)
- 1948 - Antonin Artaud, French actor, director, and author (b. 1896)
- 1952 - Charles Scott Sherrington, English physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857)
- 1959 - Maxey Long, American athlete (b. 1878)
- 1963 - William Carlos Williams, American poet (b. 1883)
- 1977 - Andrés Caicedo, Colombian writer (b. 1951)
- 1979 - Willi Unsoeld, American mountain climber (b. 1926)
- 1986 - Richard Manuel, Canadian musician (b. 1943)
- 1990 - Hank Gathers, American basketball player (b. 1967)
- 1994 - John Candy, Canadian comedian and actor, (b. 1950)
- 1996 - Minnie Pearl, American comedienne (b. 1912)
- 1999 - Harry Blackmun, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (b. 1908)
- 1999 - Karel van het Reve, Dutch writer (b. 1921)
- 2001 - Glenn Hughes, American musician (The Village People)
- 2001 - Harold Stassen, American politician (b. 1907)
- 2003 - Jaba Ioseliani, Georgian politician and bank robber (b. 1926)
- 2004 - John McGeoch, Scottish musician (Siouxsie and the Banshees and Public Image Ltd.) (b. 1955)
- 2004 - Claude Nougaro, French singer (b. 1929)
- 2005 - Nicola Calipari, Italian secret service agent (b. 1953)

Holidays and observances

- Catholicism - Feast day of St Casimir
- Mauritius - Maha Shivaratree

External links

- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/4 BBC: On This Day]
- [http://www.tnl.net/when/3/4 Today in History: March 4] ---- March 3 - March 5 - February 4 - April 4 -- listing of all days ko:3월 4일 ms:4 Mac ja:3月4日 simple:March 4 th:4 มีนาคม

Vermont

:This article is about the U.S. state. For other meanings, see Vermont (disambiguation). Vermont is a U.S. state located in New England. The state ranks 43rd in land area (9,250 square miles), and its population (608,827) ranks as the second smallest of the fifty states. As the only New England state with no coastline along the Atlantic Ocean, Vermont is noted mainly for the Green Mountains in the west and Lake Champlain in the northwest. It borders Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. Originally inhabited by Native American tribes (Iroquois, Algonquian and Abenaki), the territory that is now Vermont was claimed by France but became a British possession after France's defeat in the French and Indian War. For many years, rightful control of the area was disputed by the surrounding colonies. Settlers who held land titles granted by the Province of New Hampshire, through their Green Mountain Boys militia, eventually prevailed. Vermont became the 14th state to join the United States, following a 14-year period during and after the Revolutionary War as the independent Republic of Vermont. Famous for its scenery, dairy products and maple syrup, Vermont has long been known for its liberal politics and staunchly independent political thinking. The state capital is Montpelier, while the largest city is Burlington.

Geography

Burlington to the north, and two border Massachusetts in the south. In the west is New York and in the east is New Hampshire, each bordered by five counties. Only two of Vermont's counties—Lamoille and Washington—are entirely surrounded by Vermont territory.]] Vermont is located in the New England region in the eastern United States and comprises 9615 square miles (24,902 km²), making it the 45th largest state. Of this, land comprises 9249 square miles (23,955 km²) and water comprises 366 square miles (948 km²), making it the 43rd largest in land area and the 47th in water area. The west bank of the Connecticut River marks the eastern border of the state with New Hampshire (the river itself is part of New Hampshire). Lake Champlain, the major lake in Vermont, is the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States and separates Vermont from New York and Canada in the northwest portion of the state. From north to south, Vermont is 159 miles (256 km). Its greatest width, from east to west, is 89 miles (143 km) at the Canadian border; the narrowest width is 37 miles (60 km) at the Massachusetts line. The state's geographic center is Washington, three miles (5 km) east of Roxbury. The Green Mountains, (In French: Verts monts) so named because of the predominance of mica-quartz-chlorite schist, a green hued metamorphosed shale. Their relatively low altitude allows for little timberline. The range forms a north-south spine running most of the length of the state, slightly west of its center. In the southwest portion of the state are the Taconic Mountains; the White Mountains are in the northeast. In the northwest off Lake Champlain is the fertile Champlain Valley. In the south of the valley is Lake Bomoseen. Several mountains do have timberlines: Mount Mansfield, the highest mountain in the state and Killington are two examples. About 77 percent of the state is covered by forest, the rest in meadow, uplands, lakes, ponds and swampy wetlands. Vermont is known for its brief mud season in spring followed by a cool summer and a colorful autumn, and particularly for its cold winters. The northern part of the state, including the rural northeastern section (dubbed the "Northeast Kingdom") is known for exceptionally cold winters, often averaging 10° F (6° C) colder than the southern areas of the state. Annual snowfall averages between 60 to 100 inches depending on elevation, giving Vermont some of New England's best cross-country skiing areas. In the autumn, Vermont's hills experience an explosion of red, orange and gold foliage caused by the sugar maple. That this famous display occurs so abundantly in Vermont is not due so much to the presence of a particular variant of the tree; it rather results from a number of soil and climate conditions unique to the area. The highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C), at Vernon on July 4, 1911; the lowest recorded temperature was -50 °F (-46 °C), at Bloomfield on December 30, 1933.

History

1933, Mount Ellen, Mount Abraham, and Camel's Hump. The lowest point in the state is Lake Champlain at 95 feet. The state's average elevation is 1,000 feet.]] Little is known of the pre-Columbian history of Vermont. The western part of the state was originally home to a small population of Algonquian-speaking tribes, including the Mohican and Abenaki peoples. Between 8500 to 7000 BCE, glacial activity created the Champlain Sea, and Native Americans inhabited and hunted in Vermont. From 7000 to 1000 BCE was the Archaic Period. During the era Native Americans migrated year-round. From 1000 BCE to 1600 CE was the Woodland Period, when villages and trade networks were established, and ceramic and bow and arrow technology was developed. Sometime between 1500 and 1600, the Iroquois drove many of the smaller native tribes out of Vermont, later using the area as a hunting ground and warring with the remaining Abenaki. The population in 1500 is estimated to be around 10,000 people. The first European to see Vermont is thought to be Jacques Cartier, in 1535. On July 30, 1609, French explorer Samuel de Champlain claimed the area of what is now Lake Champlain, giving to the mountains the appellation of les Verts Monts (the Green Mountains). France claimed Vermont as part of New France, and erected Fort Sainte Anne on Isle La Motte in 1666 as part of their fortification of Lake Champlain. This was the first European settlement in Vermont and the site of the first Roman Catholic mass. During the later half of the 17th century, non-French settlers began to explore Vermont and its surrounding area. In 1690, a group of Dutch-British settlers from Albany under Captain Jacobus de Warm established the De Warm Stockade at Chimney Point (eight miles or 13 km west of present-day Addison). This settlement and trading post was directly across Lake Champlain from Crown Point, New York (Pointe à la Chevelure). In

1791

Events

Ongoing events

Births

Deaths

Common year starting on Saturday

Other years

January 25

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

External links

Constitutional Act of 1791

See also

External links

Upper Canada

Government

Land settlement

Population

Bibliography

See also

March 4

Events

Births

Deaths

Holidays and observances

External links

Vermont

Geography

History